Introduction . Over the past two decades, transition metal oxide (TMO)-based materials have garnered considerable attention due to their promise in a wide array of technological applications including energy storage/conversion systems, catalysis, and sensors.1 , 2 , 3Among the transition metal oxides, tin oxide (SnO 2 , n-type semiconducting material) has had a huge impact in applications such as biosensors, supercapacitors, optics, solar cells, and gas sensors.4 , 5 , ...